Oil Refining

Oil refining transforms crude oil into usable fuels like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. The process is energy-intensive and contributes significantly to global industrial emissions.

Energy Use & Sources
Refineries consume large amounts of heat and electricity, often generated by burning their own fuel byproducts. Steam and thermal energy are critical for distillation and chemical conversion.

Challenges & Emissions
The refining process releases CO₂, methane, and other pollutants. Air and water pollution from flaring, venting, and waste streams adds to the environmental burden.

Future Pathways
Energy efficiency upgrades, carbon capture, and cleaner hydrogen (for hydrocracking) can reduce emissions. Over time, declining demand for fossil fuels may reduce the scale of refinery operations.